Attenuated Vaccination

Through the understanding of infectious diseases, researchers have been able to create several types of vaccines to help prevent a variety of life-threatening illnesses. Scientists develop immunizations using different techniques to treat diseases. These types include: live, killed, toxoids, subunit, and conjugate vaccines. Vaccinations that are the live type use a specific process which when administered will expose the patient to the actual disease, but in a much

The key to combating these virulent diseases is to create an immunization in the general public through the use of vaccines. In an effort to build a person’s immunity towards a particular disease, vaccines that contain weakened or dead microbes are administered using a hypodermic syringe. By imitating the substances that cause the

up of killed or weakened forms of the disease-causing microbes. For many years, vaccines have

A killed whole cell vaccine (KWV) and a live attenuated vaccine (LWV) both exist for plague. Unfortunately, neither vaccine is licensed for use in the United States, partly due to significant side effects. It is also known that the KWV is not effective against respiratory exposure. Plague remains one of the top five bioterrorism threats and a CDC Tier 1 select agent pathogen.1 Thus, with the concern for bioterrorism, researchers are looking for vaccines that will be effective against this kind of possible respiratory exposure. So far, the vaccines that are the closest to licensure are subunit vaccines that are comprised of recombinant F1 and different recombinant V proteins that are produced by Escherichia coli.6 These materials are then combined, purified, and adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide for injection.6 According to Prentice, this potential vaccine has protected mice and various nonhuman primates in laboratory models of both bubonic and pneumonic plague and has been evaluated in phase two clinical trials.6 With all things considered, due to its pathogenicity, T. pestis can be very dangerous and therefore live attenuated vaccines are generally frowned upon and instead, safer subunit vaccines are preferred (with no threat of reversion to full

In the last several years, increased vaccination exemptions have resulted in multiple outbreaks of preventable viral diseases in the state of California. In response to school-wide quarantines and the threat of exposure to previously eradicated illnesses, recent legislation amended California state vaccination laws to reflect strict mandatory vaccination requirements. This paper explores the components of the California Senate Bill 277, implications for the public school system, and legal challenges to implementation of this Bill.

Live, attenuated microbes is the best option as opposed to a strain that is unable to replicate since the live microbe allows for a self-limited local infection. This infection allows for both the innate and the adaptive immunity to respond, allowing certainty that microbial peptides coded by both class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes will be present. This calls for a strong activation of class I and class II restricted T cell receptors with the right amount of concentration for proper immune response to exposure. Other benefits to the live, replication-competent vaccine is that a small dose is enough which is considerably beneficial due to the worldwide vaccination agenda required for the potential eradication of the disease. With regard to smallpox, the innate immune system does not react to the infection, and the adaptive immunity takes over after the amount of virus is great, making the virus viable. Vaccinia is not able to bypass the response of innate immunity and therefore is maintained by the body in a local site. It is considered that vaccinia, being unable to evade the innate immune system, can be the key to deliver the gene products of other organisms safely into humans as a

The characteristics of live and inactivated vaccines are different. Live attenuated vaccines include live viruses and live bacteria and inactivated vaccines can be composed of whole viruses or bacteria ("Types of immunization").Through use of vaccines, we have reduced smallpox and nearly eliminated wild polio virus. The number of people who experience the devastating effects of preventable infectious diseases like measles, diphtheria, and whooping cough has been all diminished, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), they tested extensively to ensure they are effective and safe. However, during the mid-1970s, there was an increased number of parents that were concerned about vaccine safety. Congress passed the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA) in 1986 ("Vaccines Safety"). This historic law acknowledged that vaccine injuries and deaths are real and that the vaccine injured and their families should be financially supported and that vaccine safety protection. The law set up a federal vaccine injury compensation program as well as included legal requirements for vaccine providers to allow parents to report healthy problem following

Every day, someone is saved because of a vaccination. A vaccine is a preventive drug that uses a small ratio of a dead or weakened virus and is designed to improve a person’s immunity and chances of survival. A vaccine is administered in one of three ways: (1) via syringe and needle injected into a muscle, (2) a nasal spray though the sinus canals, or (3) a liquid that is ingested via mouth. If a person is getting a polio vaccine, for example, then the vaccine would be made up of the the weakened or dead virus of polio and administered as mentioned above. The body then reacts to the virus creating an antibody to be produced and used by your immune system; the antibody’s job is to identify and neutralize the virus if the body is ever exposed to again. While no vaccine is 100% effective, most routine childhood vaccinations are approximately 85% to 95% effective (CDC). This means that if two people were introduced to a virus, and one person received a vaccination against the virus as a child and the other person did not, there would be a 5% chance the vaccinated person would contract the virus while the person that did not take the vaccine would have close to a 100% guarantee of becoming infected.

Nonetheless, the vaccination process is safe and effective. Vaccines undergo extensive review by medical scientist, doctors, and federal government officials to insure that they are safe for humans. When children don’t receive these vaccines, they can succumb to more serious health complications, which includes paralysis of limbs, hearing loss, brain damage, and even death. Along with those risks, a unvaccinated child going out in public can possibly expose diseases to other children who are too young to receive vaccines or individuals with weakened immune systems. When the health industry has large professional associations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the Centers for Disease Control

(B)The potential for side effects would be less with the use of this type of vaccine. (no reference) The downside of this would be that they cause a weaker immune response compared to a live, attenuated vaccine, and would therefore require several booster vaccinations to get continuous immunity (B). The last main type of vaccine is the subunit vaccine. This vaccine would not use the entire pathogen, instead only include the parts of the pathogen that cause an immune response. This would also lead to fewer side effects (B). So the question remains, are these vaccines safe for our children or not?

Vaccination is the usage of prepared serum called vaccine to prevent particular diseases. Vaccines are drugs that comprise of weakened or dead bacteria or viruses. Individual immune system reacts by manufacturing antibodies when one takes any of the vaccine. Antibodies are the elements that weaken or terminate organisms that are causing disease. As soon as the individual is exposed to live bacteria or viruses of the similar kind that existed in the vaccine in future, the antibodies prevent individuals from becoming sick. Through the vaccine usage many sicknesses that formerly caused widespread illness, disability, and death can now be prevented.

Viruses are responsible for some of the most life threatening diseases affecting humans such as HIV and Ebola. They are found in every ecosystem and are considered to be the most abundant biological entity on earth. Viruses do not only infect humans but are also capable of infect any living organism. Lacking all basic biological machinery necessary for replication, viruses are by definition obligatory intracellular parasites and thus must infect other life forms in order to replicate. This characteristic makes them an invaluable tool for the study of molecular cellular processes

Vaccines are used to prevent the viral diseases by inducing the active immunity. They are made by several different processes; they can be made by using live viruses that have been weakened so as not to cause illness but still induce an immune response; or made by inactivated or killed

Vaccines are made of viruses or bacteria that originally cause the diseases. In order to make this viruses and bacteria usable as a vaccine, scientists choice one of the three basic methods depending on the vaccine they want to produce. The first method is using weak version of the virus causing the disease. They weaken the virus by limiting its production using chemical material. This method helps produce small amount of the virus to stimulate the immune system without harming the body. Scientists use it to make vaccines for diseases like measles, chickenpox, and mumps. (“ Weaken the Virus”1,2,3). The benefit of this method is providing a life lasting immunity for the person with one or two doses of the vaccine.( “Weaken the Virus” 9,10). However, this type of vaccine can not be used for people with low immune system .(“ Weaken the Virus” 10,11).

The first step to understanding vaccinations is realizing what they are. It should be made very clear that an immunization and a vaccination are two different things. An immunization is what occurs after a vaccination is administered. A vaccination is the specific process of administering a dead or weakened pathogen into an otherwise very healthy person. As a consumer, it is important for people to understand that there are many types of vaccines in the world, and each kind has its own unique benefits and risks. The three most common types of vaccines are live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. A live vaccine is the one that most people associate with the topic of vaccination. A live vaccine is host to a weakened pathogen that cannot cause diseases in the person it is administered to. This weakened pathogen acts as a teacher to our body’s cells in how to react if a non-weakened pathogen were to invade our immune system. Inactivated vaccines are those in which the