List and describe 4 of the main regulators of the cell cycle. Then describe the involvement of a CDK substrate at each stage of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M. 2. DESCRIBE (do not just list) three mechanisms that keep the cell cycle moving in only one direction. Then describe how these mechanisms play a role at one specific stage of the cell cycle. 3. What are the three main classes of genes implicated in cancer? Describe each one and give an example of each one. 4. DESCRIBE (do not just list) 4 developmental strategies that cause different cells and tissues to acquire different identities during embryogenesis. Then explain how iPS cells are an exception to the overall trend of cells decreasing in pluripotency as they develop. 5. Describe three unique cell biological features of sperm cells and three unique cell biological features of egg cells. By "unique", I mean a feature that is not common in most cells. 6. You have just identified a mouse gene that is homologous to other vertebrate Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) genes. You do in situ hybridization and find that it is expressed in the endoderm of the early embryo. Describe the technique of in situ hybridization. Then describe three experiments you would do to study its potential function in the endoderm. Make sure to include what you would hope to discover from each experiment. 7. What are the 4 main signaling pathways that are used over and over again in embryogenesis, making sure to give the name of the ligand and receptor. Then describe why conditional knockouts would be the best way to evaluate their roles in embryogenesis. 8. Describe four similarities between embryonic cells and cancer cells. 9. In the paper by Panaliappan et al., (2018), how was the Cre-Lox conditional knockout system used to study the role of Sox2 in the olfactory epithelium? How did they then use CRISPR technology in chick embryos to confirm their findings? 10. Describe how the paper by Panaliappan et al., (2018) evaluated the binding of Sox2 to the Hes5 promoter in the neuronal cell line. What were 2 controls that were done in this experiment.
List and describe 4 of the main regulators of the cell cycle. Then describe the involvement of a CDK substrate at each stage of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2, M.
2. DESCRIBE (do not just list) three mechanisms that keep the cell cycle moving in only one direction. Then describe how these mechanisms play a role at one specific stage of the cell cycle.
3. What are the three main classes of genes implicated in cancer? Describe each one and give an example of each one.
4. DESCRIBE (do not just list) 4 developmental strategies that cause different cells and tissues to acquire different identities during embryogenesis. Then explain how iPS cells are an exception to the overall trend of cells decreasing in pluripotency as they develop.
5. Describe three unique cell biological features of sperm cells and three unique cell biological features of egg cells. By "unique", I mean a feature that is not common in most cells.
6. You have just identified a mouse gene that is homologous to other vertebrate Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) genes. You do in situ hybridization and find that it is expressed in the endoderm of the early embryo. Describe the technique of in situ hybridization. Then describe three experiments you would do to study its potential function in the endoderm. Make sure to include what you would hope to discover from each experiment.
7. What are the 4 main signaling pathways that are used over and over again in embryogenesis, making sure to give the name of the ligand and receptor. Then describe why conditional knockouts would be the best way to evaluate their roles in embryogenesis.
8. Describe four similarities between embryonic cells and cancer cells.
9. In the paper by Panaliappan et al., (2018), how was the Cre-Lox conditional knockout system used to study the role of Sox2 in the olfactory epithelium? How did they then use CRISPR technology in chick embryos to confirm their findings?
10. Describe how the paper by Panaliappan et al., (2018) evaluated the binding of Sox2 to the Hes5 promoter in the neuronal cell line. What were 2 controls that were done in this experiment.
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