Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. PRICE (Dollars per ton) 90 81 72 63 54 45 36 27 18 9 0 Demand 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 9 540 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of radioactive waste is 360 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of $ of radioactive waste emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. (? per ton Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of radioactive waste per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 360 million pollution permits. Given this quantity of permits, the price for each permit in the market for pollution rights will be $

Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. PRICE (Dollars per ton) 90 81 72 63 54 45 36 27 18 9 0 Demand 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights Price (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 9 540 Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of radioactive waste is 360 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of $ of radioactive waste emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. (? per ton Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to achieve the desired level of pollution. Instead, it auctions off tradable pollution permits. Each permit entitles its owner to emit one ton of radioactive waste per day. To achieve the socially optimal quantity of pollution, the government auctions off 360 million pollution permits. Given this quantity of permits, the price for each permit in the market for pollution rights will be $

Essentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337091992

Author:N. Gregory Mankiw

Publisher:N. Gregory Mankiw

Chapter10: Externalities

Section10.1: Externalities And Market Inefficiency

Problem 1QQ

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Paper factories emit chemicals as a waste product. This generates a cost to society that is not paid for by the firm; therefore, pollution is a negative externality of paper production. Suppose the U.S. government wants to correct this market failure by getting firms to internalize the cost of pollution. To do this, the government can charge firms for pollution rights (the right to emit a given quantity of chemicals). The following graph shows the daily demand for pollution rights. Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. Graph Input Tool 80 Daily Demand for Pollution Rights 72 I Price (Dollars per ton) 8 64 Quantity Demanded 360 56 (Millions of tons) 48 40 32 24 Demand 16 8 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) Suppose the government has…
Power stations emit sulfur dioxide as a waste product. This generates a cost to society that is not paid for by the firm; therefore, pollution is a negative externality of power production. Suppose the U.S. government wants to correct this market failure by getting firms to internalize the cost of pollution. To do this, the government can charge firms for pollution rights (the right to emit a given quantity of sulfur dioxide). The following graph shows the daily demand for pollution rights. 1) Suppose the government has determined that the socially optimal quantity of sulfur dioxide emissions is 350 million tons per day. One way governments can charge firms for pollution rights is by imposing a per-unit tax on emissions. A tax (or price in this case) of $............per ton of sulfur dioxide emitted will achieve the desired level of pollution. 2) Now suppose the U.S. government does not know the demand curve for pollution and, therefore, cannot determine the optimal tax to…
Power stations emit sulfur dioxide as a waste product. This generates a cost to society that is not paid for by the firm; therefore, pollution is a negative externality of power production. Suppose the U.S. government wants to correct this market failure by getting firms to internalize the cost of pollution. To do this, the government can charge firms for pollution rights (the right to emit a given quantity of sulfur dioxide). The following graph shows the daily demand for pollution rights. Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. Graph Input Tool (? Daily Demand for Pollution Rights 70 I Price (Dollars per ton) 63 7 56 Quantity Demanded 270 49 (Millions of tons) 42 35 28 21 Demand 14 7 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 QUANTITY (Millions of tons) 30 60 PRICE (Dollars per…
Power stations emit sulfur dioxide as a waste product. This generates a cost to society that is not paid for by the firm; therefore, pollution is a negative externality of power production. Suppose the U.S. government wants to correct this market failure by getting firms to internalize the cost of pollution. To do this, the government can charge firms for pollution rights (the right to emit a given quantity of sulfur dioxide). The following graph shows the daily demand for pollution rights. Use the graph input tool to help you answer the following questions. You will not be graded on any changes you make to this graph. Note: Once you enter a value in a white field, the graph and any corresponding amounts in each grey field will change accordingly. Graph Input Tool Daily Demand for Pollution Rights 81 IPrice (Dollars per ton) Quantity Demanded (Millions of tons) 72 63 315 Demand 35 70 106 140 175 210 245 0 215 190 QUANTITY (Mlons of tons Suppose the government has determined that the…
Power stations emit sulfur dioxide as a waste product. This generates a cost to society that is not paid for by the firm; therefore, pollution is a negative externality of power production. Suppose the government wants to correct this market failure by getting firms to internalize the cost of pollution. To do this, the government can charge firms for pollution rights (the right to emit a given quantity of sulfur dioxide). The following graph shows the daily demand for pollution rights.
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Marginal Abatement Costs: The marginal abatement costs of three firms are provided in the table below on page 109. Each firm is emitting now 10 tons/week. Therefore, the total emission of all firms is 30 tons/week. Suppose that society wants to reduce the level of emission by 50%, to 15 tons/week. Calculate the total cost of reducing the level of emission to 15 tons/week Assuming equiproportionate decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100 Assuming equimarginal decrease in emissions which of the following is correct: 69 96 100
Economists define the efficient amount of fund pollutants as the amount that minimizes the sum of damage and control costs. Using this definition, they derive two general rules, one of which is that the efficient level of pollution is not generally zero. Briefly explain why this is true.
There are three identical firms in Happy Valley. Firms Initial Pollution Level Cost of Reducing Pollution by 1 unit A 30 units $20 B 40 units $30 C 20 units $10 The government wants to reduce total pollution to 60 units, so it gives each firm 20 tradable permits. Who sells permits and how many do they sell? Who buys permits and how many do they buy? Briefly explain why the sellers and buyers are each willing to do so? What is the total cost of pollution reduction in this situation? How much larger would the cost of pollution reduction be if the permits could not be traded?
What is an externality in economics? Explain how a neighbor’s barking dog could be both a positive and a negative externality. Can pollution ever make us better off? How do we know? Should we aim to eliminate all pollution? If not, what should our goal be? Defend your answer. When thinking about types of goods, what does rivalry mean? What does excludability mean? What are the four categories of goods we can identify using those attributes, and what is an example of a good in each category?
Firms A and B each produce 80 units of pollution. The federal government wants to reduce pollution levels. The marginal costs associated with pollution reduction are MCA = 50 + 3QA for firm A and MCB = 20 + 6QB for firm B, where QA and QB are the quantities of pollution reduced by each firm. Society’s marginal benefit from pollution reduction is given by MB = 590 – 3Qtot, where Qtot is the total reduction in pollution. What is the socially optimal level of each firm’s pollution reduction?
Define externalities. Also give an example of a negative externality