AP World History Notes

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Early Civilizations Unit 1 (3500 B.C. - 1600 B.C.) Neolithic Revolution: ● Hunter-Gatherer Societies dominate most of pre-history. ● Change from nomadic life to farming ● Domesticated animals. Building Blocks of Civilizations: 1. Water 2. Language 3. Writing 4. Technology Characteristics of Civilizations: 1. Organized governments 2. Religions 3. Jobs 4. Social Classes 5. Art/Architecture 6. Public Works 7. Writing First Civilizations: ● Mesopotamia (Iraq) ● Nile River Valley (Egypt) ● Indus River Valley (India) ● Huang He/Yellow River (China) Mesopotamia: Fertile Crescent ● Tigris River ● Euphrates River ● New technology allowed these rivers to become the first area in the world where civilizations could grow: Irrigation . Mesopotamia: Writing

● The writing style used by the Mesopotamians was called Cuneiform . ● Cuneiform is the oldest known form of writing and consists of markings forming a pictogram. Mesopotamia: City States and Empires ● City States of Sumer ● Kingdom of Akkad ● Babylonian Empire City States: Sumer ● In between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers settled the Sumerians . (3500 - 2300 B.C.) ● The Sumerians formed City-States ● City States = central city and the land around it. City was for trade/government and land was irrigated for food production. Sumerian City States: Technology ● Sumerians come up with many of the basic technologies we use today. ○ Wagon Wheel ○ Arch ○ Potter’s Wheel ○ Sundial ○ 12-Month Calendar ○ Number System ○ Developed bronze tools Kingdom of Akkad: ● Sumerians were conquered by their northern neighbors called Akkadians. (2300 B.C.) ● The Akkadians were led by Sargon I Babylonian Empire: ● Around 1800 B.C. arose another great empire with its capital located in the city of Babylon. Thus the name Babylonian Empire. ● This first Babylonian empire is most known for one of its leaders named Hammurabi . Hammurabi is the first known ruler to create a law code and have it written down.

Preview: ● Mesopotamian Religion - Mesopotamians were polytheists. They worshipped many different gods connected to nature and to particular aspects of life. ● A Social Pyramid - Mesopotamian society was organized into a social pyramid. Your place on the pyramid was determined by your work. Most people stayed at the level they were born at for their entire lives. ● A Series of Conquests - Mesopotamia was a rich land that many people sought to conquer. Key Ideas - Mesopotamian Religion ● Mesopotamia was one of the earliest civilizations to have an organized religion. Their religion helped to shape their society and culture. ● Mesopotamian city-states build ziggurats to worship their gods. ● Mesopotamians believed that their kings were chosen by the gods. ● To keep the gods and goddesses happy, Mesopotamians left offerings, or gifts, for them. ● The gifts were also given to ask the gods to send blessings. A Series of Empires ● The Assyrian Empire was the largest of the four empires. The Assyrians conquered other lands easily, but they had difficulty controlling their vast empire. ● The Neo-Babylonian Empire replaced the Assyrian Empire. Although it was not as large as the Assyrian Empire, it was still very powerful. Conquering Mesopotamia ● Because Mesopotamia had rich agricultural land and a lively culture, many different empires conquered it. ● Each empire had an effect on the culture of Mesopotamia while also adopting certain parts of Mesopotamian culture. Egypt Unification of Egypt ● Early Egypt was divided into two kingdoms ○ Upper Egypt ○ Lower Egypt ● Egypt was united in 3100 BCE by Menes ○ Made Memphis the capital ○ Established the first dynasty

Periods Time Frame Nile Culture begins 3900 BCE Archaic 3100-2650 BCE Old Kingdom 2650-2134 BCE Middle Kingdom 2040-1640 BCE New Kingdom 1550-1070 BCE Old Kingdom ● Begins 2650 BCE ● Time of Growth and Prosperity ● Pyramids constructed ● Pharaohs with absolute power establish strong governments Middle Kingdom ● Difficult and turbulent time ● Pharaohs began to lose power to local nobles ● Invasions, famines, civil wars ● Built fortresses up and down the Nile ● Traded with Greeks, Phoenicians, and others around the Mediterranean. ● Conquered by the Hyksos in 1650 BCE New Kingdom ● Hyksos defeated ● Egyptians realized they needed a strong army ● Took lands around them to serve as a buffer for invasion The Pharaoh ● Had absolute power ● Pharaohs established dynasties (31 dynasties) ● Was believed to be a god in human form ○ Had to perform religious rituals along with priests to ensure positive outcomes in daily life ● Government in Egypt was ruled by theocracy ○ A state ruled by religious figures Class System ● Class system was hierarchical ○ People with most power at the top ○ Least power at the bottom Hieroglyphic ● Used picture symbols to represent objects sounds and ideas ● Wrote on papyrus

● The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 and was used to translate hieroglyphs Sources: http://www.historyofglass.com/glass-invention/egyptian-glass/ https://www.blindschalet.com/kba-glass-making-in-ancient-egypt-247.html China Major Chinese Dynasties ● Xia (2205-1818 BC) ● Shang (1523-1027 BC) ● Zhou (1027-256 BC) Prehistory ● China is the oldest continuous civilization ● 1.7 million years ago ○ Peking Man - Homo Erectus skeleton found ● 5000 BC ○ Yangshuo - earliest known civilization ■ Evidence of agriculture ● 3500-2000 BC ○ Longsham - signs of animal domestication Xia and Shang ● Earliest dynasties ● Settled around rivers ● Developed irrigation History ● Dates back to the Shang dynasty (1200 BC) ○ Oracle bones ■ Used to predict futures ● Have also discovered various forms of writing on bronze and bamboo Today ● 47,035 characters in Chinese writing ● No links between symbols and spoken language ● To be considered literate, must know 3-4 thousand ● Monosyllabic - one symbol equals one basic meaning ● Polysyllabic - two or more symbols to make one basic meaning Mandate of Heaven ● Belief that authority came from heaven

● Good rulers kept their power ● Poor rulers could lose their power Philosophy ● Investigation of how the world works Confucius ● Born during the Zhou dynasty ● Witnessed constant fighting and decay of imperial rule and human morality ● Devoted himself to teaching the key to social harmony ● Died thinking he was a failure Education ● Essential to one’s character and morality ● Civil service exams ensured that leaders were well educated ○ Used from the Han dynasty until abolishment in Qing dynasty Government ● People are inherently good, but need someone to show them how. ● Good leaders would set the example for others to follow. ● Establish bureaucracy - departments that ran the government 5 Basic Relationships Superior Subordinate Ruler Subject Father Son Husband Wife Older bro Younger bro Friend Friend Believed one should always defer to the person in the superior position. This would help maintain social order and harmony. Filial Piety - respect to parents during life and honoring memory once dead. Virtues of Man ● These 5 virtues would make the ‘perfect gentleman’: ○ Ritual, etiquette ○ Honesty ○ Trustworthiness ○ Compassion

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