PSYCH 414-16

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University of Wisconsin, Madison *

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414

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSYCH 414-16 What is the AX continuous performance task? Involves telling the researcher if (for example) an A preceded an X in a sequence of letters. What is a "problem"? A present situation that differs from a desired goal OR an obstacle between present situation and goal without an immediately obvious way to get around the obstacle. What are operations in the context of problem solving? Permissable actions Gestalt approach to problem solving Solution to a problem comes suddenly as a "whole" --> not decomposable into steps Progress toward solution is unconscious. Which problem solving approach often involves restructuring? Gestalt approach What is restructuring in the context of problem solving? Seeing elements of a problem in a new light. Are warmth ratings a good or bad predictor of insight problem completion? Good! search-space model trying to find a pathway from initial state to goal state using available operations What is one main assumption of the search-space approach? That you know the permitted rules very well and that no incorrect moves are made. What must be known before one can use the search-space model? Initial state, goal state, and operators What is useful about the search-space approach? -It allows us to formulate questions -It allows formal analysis with math and computers What are some drawbacks of the search-space approach? -It's sometimes not very efficient; can take a long time to achieve goal state -Sometimes the search space is just too big (e.g. chess or a rubix cube) -It's not suited to many real world problems -People don't apply algorithms for solving problems, they use heuristics In the search-space approach, what qualifies something as an ill-defined problem? If there's uncertainty in one or more of the three phases.

heuristics Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that often lead to a solution (but not always). *only a portion of available evidence is considered What are the 8 problem solving strategies? Working forwards Working backwards Mental imagery Generate-and-test Means-end analysis Hill-Climbing Analogy Take a break To remember: For Boys Meeting Girls, Many Hills Are Taken What is the hill-climbing heuristic? Applying operations to make the current state more and more similar to the goal state. What is the means-end analysis heuristic? Break the task into subgoals whose individual solutions are clear (e.g. tower of hanoi problem) What is incubation in problem solving? Releasing oneself from a particular problem-solving approach and walk away from the problem What is functional fixedness? inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner Mental set a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past but can cause you to blind to other potentially simpler approaches

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