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Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
Butler, Samuel. An English writer; born in Nottinghamshire, Dec. 4, 1835; died on June 18, 1902. An acute and stimulating critic of contemporary thought, scientific and religious, Butler, neglected during his lifetime, is now widely recognized, in his satire ‘Erewhon’ (1872), and his novel ‘The Way of all Flesh’ (1903), as one of the leaders of modern thought. His criticisms of Darwinism, notably ‘Life and Habit’ (1877); ‘Evolution Old and New’ (1879); ‘Unconscious Memory’ (1880); ‘Luck or Cunning’ (1887), are documents in the history of modern science. (See Critical and Biographical Introduction).