Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Chapter 14.6, Problem 1CT
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether the given approach is more desirable than the marker-assisted breeding and the corresponding reason for it.
Introduction: A gene is the basic functional unit of heredity. A gene is a sequence of
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Before, plant breeding was done by crossing the genes of two plants with
desirable characteristics. This technique has been successful in producing
improved varieties of crop plants, but it is time consuming and complicated.
Because of genetic engineering, these problems can now be avoided. Plants are
inserted with "super" genes to exhibit improved or better traits compared to
their ordinary counterparts. These plants are therefore called transgenic plants.
Plant
Improved Quality or Characteristic
1. Rice
Resistant to pests, drought, and insecticides
2. Grape
3. Рарaya
4. Corn
5. Orchid
6. Mango
Roughly 30% of harvested cantaloupesare wasted because they become overripebefore reaching consumers. Agricultural scientistshave used genetic engineering to insert an applegene into the cantaloupe genome to produce atransgenic (GM) cantaloupe that ripens more slowlyafter harvesting. Is this approach less desirablethan the marker-assisted breeding describedabove? Why or why not?
Of the approximately 200 GM crop varieties that have been developed, only a few are widely used. What are these varieties, and how prevalent are they?
Chapter 14 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 14.1 - define biotechnology?Ch. 14.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.1 - define GMO and transgenic organism?Ch. 14.2 - describe natural processes that recombine DNA,...Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 14.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 14.3 - summarize how CRISPR-Cas9 works and explain why it...Ch. 14.4 - For any single person, a given STR always has...Ch. 14.4 - There are many other applications in which DNA...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 1CYL
Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.5 - Restriction enzymes are isolated from bacteria....Ch. 14.5 - Many countries regulate the use of genetically...Ch. 14.5 - explain how genes are inserted into a plasmid, and...Ch. 14.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.6 - Prob. 1CTCh. 14.6 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 14.6 - describe the advantages of genetically modified...Ch. 14.6 - list some examples of how genetically modified...Ch. 14.6 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 14.7 - Explain how fetal DNA could be used to establish...Ch. 14.7 - explain how biotechnology is used to diagnose both...Ch. 14.7 - describe how transgenic organisms are used to...Ch. 14.7 - describe the procedures and advantages of gene...Ch. 14.8 - explain why people might be opposed to the use of...Ch. 14.8 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 14.8 - Prob. 1CTCh. 14 - Prob. 1MCCh. 14 - Prob. 3MCCh. 14 - A restriction enzyme a. cuts DNA at a specific...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5MCCh. 14 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 14 - _________is the process whereby bacteria pick up...Ch. 14 - The _______ is a technique tor multiplying DNA in...Ch. 14 - Matching DNA samples in forensics uses a specific...Ch. 14 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 14 - Describe two natural forms of genetic...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2RQCh. 14 - Prob. 3RQCh. 14 - Prob. 4RQCh. 14 - Prob. 5RQCh. 14 - Prob. 6RQCh. 14 - How does gel electrophoresis separate pieces of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 8RQCh. 14 - Prob. 9RQCh. 14 - Prob. 10RQCh. 14 - As you may know, many Insects have evolved...Ch. 14 - Prob. 2AC
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- (b) A plant breeder wants to use selective breeding to produce corn with short stalKS and a high mass of grain. He could use the following varieties of com: varlety A varlety B varlety C long stalks short stalks long stalks high mass of grain low mass of grain low mass of grain (i) What would the plant breeder need to do to make sure he always produced corn with short stalks and a high mass of grain? Describe the three steps the breeder would use. (ii) Suggest one other characteristic that famers might like corn plants to have to increase the amount of corn produced.arrow_forwardA. Dr. Doebley and his team compared the DNA sequence of maize to that of a number of teosinte varieties from throughout Mexico. What did their analysis reveal? B. Teosinte looks like a terrible plant to begin to domesticate for agricultural purposes. What hypothesis is put forth to explain farmers’ early interest in the plant?arrow_forwardA dairy farmer would like to reduce the incidence of mastitis within his herd. He has decided to implement genetic testing to inform management decisions within the herd towards this aim. Identify specific components of genetic evaluations that could be used to meet this objective. Discuss how the producer can influence annual genetic gain. How might the different factors you named in part a, affect annual genetic gain?arrow_forward
- What is the difference between a transgenic plant and a plant produced through selective breeding?arrow_forwardImagine that you are researcher trying to identify genes that were involved in the domestication of tomatoes. You collect the following data: Gene W variants Gene X variants Gene Y variants Gene Z variants Domestic Tomatoes W1, W3 X2, X3, X5 Y4 Z1, Z3, Z5, Z6 Wild Tomatoes W1, W2, W3 X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4, Y5, Y6, Y7 Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6 Which gene was most likely a target of selection during domestication? W Y Z Xarrow_forwardIn the early 1990s, Carolyn Napoli and her colleagues were working on petunias, attempting to genetically engineer a variety with dark purple petals by introducing numerous copies of a gene that encodes purple pigment in the flower petals . Their thinking was that extra copies of the gene would cause more purple pigment to be produced and would result in a petunia with an even darker hue of purple. However, much to their surprise, many of the plants carrying extra copies of the purple gene were completely white or had only patches of color. Molecular analysis revealed that the amount of mRNA produced by the purple gene was reduced 50-fold in the engineered plants compared with wild-type plants. Somehow, the introduction of extra copies of the purple gene silenced both the introduced copies and the plant’s own purple genes. Provide a possible explanation for how the introduction of numerous copies of the purple gene silenced all copies of the purple gene.arrow_forward
- Improving the nutritional value of food has long been one of the goals in agricultural genetics. Crossing different strains of plants and animals followed by generations of artificial selection have yielded some successes, including the development of high-protein maize. The use of gene transfer biotechnology has led to other advances, including the creation of nutritionally enhanced rice to combat vitamin A deficiency and blindness. Researchers are now turning their attention to the nutritional enhancement of animals that are used as food. Scientists are now turning their attention to using gene transfer technology to nutritionally enhance animal foods. Recently, biotechnology was used to produce a sheep with increased amounts of an omega-3 essential fatty acid that plays an important role in the development of the nervous system and, in adults, reduces the risk of coronary artery disease. Once a small number of transgenic animals have been produced, they can be bred by conventional methods to establish a source of nutritionally enhanced meat and milk. The use of biotechnology is presenting consumers with many new choices, which will become more common in the future. Increasingly, we will all have to educate ourselves about the pros and cons of such decisions. On the other hand, how would you explain your preference for meat from animals without higher levels of beneficial fatty acids?arrow_forwardImproving the nutritional value of food has long been one of the goals in agricultural genetics. Crossing different strains of plants and animals followed by generations of artificial selection have yielded some successes, including the development of high-protein maize. The use of gene transfer biotechnology has led to other advances, including the creation of nutritionally enhanced rice to combat vitamin A deficiency and blindness. Researchers are now turning their attention to the nutritional enhancement of animals that are used as food. Scientists are now turning their attention to using gene transfer technology to nutritionally enhance animal foods. Recently, biotechnology was used to produce a sheep with increased amounts of an omega-3 essential fatty acid that plays an important role in the development of the nervous system and, in adults, reduces the risk of coronary artery disease. Once a small number of transgenic animals have been produced, they can be bred by conventional methods to establish a source of nutritionally enhanced meat and milk. The use of biotechnology is presenting consumers with many new choices, which will become more common in the future. Increasingly, we will all have to educate ourselves about the pros and cons of such decisions. How would you explain your decision to eat nutritionally enhanced meat from animals modified by biotechnology?arrow_forwardDo all of them True/False 31) The process by which an electrical charge is used to introduce DNA into a cell to produce a transgenic organism is called electroporation.Answer: 32) Reproductive cloning is used to produce large amounts of mammalian proteins from transgenic agricultural animals such as cattle.Answer: 33) In gene addition, homologous recombination is used to remove the original gene and replace it with the cloned gene.Answer: 34) All stem cells have the potential to differentiateAnswer: 35) A bone marrow transplant involves the transfer of multipotent stem cellsAnswer: 36) The fact that in mammalian systems multiple genes may compensate for the loss of a gene is called gene redundancy.Answer:arrow_forward
- What is mutation? Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding. Give an example of a disease resistant variety of cultivated plant induced by mutation.arrow_forwarda. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using subjective and objective indices of maturity determination? c. Insects, weeds, and pathogens have evolved resistance to chemicals and insects to transgenic Bt crop traits. Describe two specific pest control strategies other than chemical control and the transgenic Bt crops that a farmer who grows grain crops such as corn and rice could employ to control insects, weeds and diseases. Explain how and why IPM, IWM or "many little hammers" can reduce the risk of the pests evolving resistance.arrow_forwardA large, genetically heterogeneous group of tomato plants was usedas the original breeding stock by two different breeders, named Maryand Hector. Each breeder was given 50 seeds and began an artificialselection strategy, much like the one described in the figure. Theseeds were planted, and the breeders selected the 10 plants with thehighest mean tomato weights as the breeding stock for the next generation. This process was repeated over the course of 12 growing seasons, and the following data were obtained: Mean Weight of Tomatoes (pounds)Year Mary’s Tomatoes Hector’s Tomatoes1 0.7 0.82 0.9 0.93 1.1 1.24 1.2 1.35 1.3…arrow_forward
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