Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 21.2, Problem 1CC
Summary Introduction
To explain: The effect when a ddNTP is incorporated into a growing DNA strand.
Introduction: Genome is defined as the complete genetic material that is present in an organism. It consists of the coding as well as the non-coding parts of DNA. The study of the genome is termed as genomics. Genomics utilize a technique known as DNA sequencing. This method is used to determine the complete sequence of all the bases present in a DNA molecule.
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GENETICS
if/when a "whole-genome shotgun" approach is used for DNA sequencing, which of the following is MOST likely to create problems during the assembly of a complete genomic sequence?
a) long sequence reads
b) a high degree of coverage/ redundancy in the sequence data
c) the presence of repetitive DNA
d) not enough contigs
e) all of the above
Objective: Get a sense of how genomics, the study of the genome in its entirety,needs to think about how to go about its research.
Geonomic DNA is broken up into fragments. The 5’ and 3’ ends of each fragment(a “read”) are sequenced. The sequenced reads are assembled together intocontiguous sequences (“contigs”) based on sequence similarity.
The idea is to sequence enough random fragments so that every nucleotide in thegenome is represented on some read. The number of such fragments needed iscalled the coverage, c.
The coverage c can be calculated by the formula RL/G, where R is the number ofreads sequenced, L is the average length of a read and G is the total length of thegenome. The units of length are bases (b) or base pairs (bp).
Consider a genome whose length is 1000 bp. “Shotgun” sequencing techniquesare applied to the genome, resulting in 20 reads, with an average length of 50 bp.A very important point is that, even though 20 x 50 = 1000, there is no guaranteethat ALL…
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CSCh. 21.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21.3 - Prob. 1EQCh. 21.3 - Prob. 2EQCh. 21.3 - Prob. 3EQ
Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.4 - Prob. 1CSCh. 21.5 - Prob. 1CSCh. 21.5 - Repetitive Sequences and Transposable Elements...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1TYCh. 21 - DNA ligase is needed in a cloning experiment a. to...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYCh. 21 - Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR rather than...Ch. 21 - Lets suppose you want to clone a gene that has...Ch. 21 - In the CRISPR-Cas technology for editing genes,...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7TYCh. 21 - The enzyme that helps short segments of DNA move...Ch. 21 - Prob. 9TYCh. 21 - Which of the following was not a goal of the Human...Ch. 21 - Prob. 1CQCh. 21 - Briefly describe whether or not each of the...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3CQCh. 21 - Identify and discuss three important advances that...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2COQ
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- Objective: Get a sense of how genomics, the study of the genome in its entirety,needs to think about how to go about its research. Geonomic DNA is broken up into fragments. The 5’ and 3’ ends of each fragment(a “read”) are sequenced. The sequenced reads are assembled together intocontiguous sequences (“contigs”) based on sequence similarity. The idea is to sequence enough random fragments so that every nucleotide in thegenome is represented on some read. The number of such fragments needed iscalled the coverage, c. The coverage c can be calculated by the formula RL/G, where R is the number ofreads sequenced, L is the average length of a read and G is the total length of thegenome. The units of length are bases (b) or base pairs (bp). Consider a genome whose length is 1000 bp. “Shotgun” sequencing techniquesare applied to the genome, resulting in 20 reads, with an average length of 50 bp.A very important point is that, even though 20 x 50 = 1000, there is no guaranteethat ALL…arrow_forwardBioinformatics: Explore the applications of bioinformatics in genomics research. How do computational methods contribute to understanding genetic variations and their implications for personalized medicine?arrow_forwardCompare and contrast the properties of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. can proofread using a 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity polymerize in a 5'-to-3' direction Only RNA can initiate strand synthesis catalyze phosphodiester bond formation to polymerize nucleotides into nucleic acids Only DNA use deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates as substrates can only extend an existing strand Both Reset Help dependent on a DNA sequence template use ribonucleotide triphosphates as substratesarrow_forward
- Look at the picture carefully below and imagine inside a cell nucleus. a) encircle and name the parts where DNA is most accessible and least accessible b) how nucleosome positioning or spacing can interfere with DNA accessiblityarrow_forwardDNA: Explain the Meselson-Stahl Experiment.arrow_forwardWithin genomics, genetic engineering and gene therapy are topics that are comparable. What do they have in common and what sets them apart?arrow_forward
- Genomics and proteomics give us insights into genome function. True Falsearrow_forwardGive the similarities and differences of Genomics from Bioinformatics, and Proteomics from Transcriptomics and from Metabolomics.arrow_forwardMolecular biologists rely on many, often sophisticated, techniques to pursue their discipline. One may list ultracentrifugation, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, electrophoresis, and computer interfacing as fundamental tools. Model organisms provide the raw materials for study. List three "organisms" (or organismic groups) often used by recombinant DNA technologists and describe a major advantage of each group.arrow_forward
- What is complementary base pairing? Be able to figure out the nucleotide sequence of the 2nd strand of DNA if you’re given the first (as happens when DNA replicates); or the RNA sequence that would pair with a DNA sequence (as happens during transcription). What is Biotechnology? Recombinant DNA? What is a restriction enzyme and how is it used to make recombinant DNA? What is a transgenic animal? Transgenic crops? What is Forensics? Why are the following things important in forensic (or medical genetic) testing: PCR? STRs? What is CODIS? What is a multifactorial trait? A polygenic trait? Some examples of each? How do they differ from Mendelian traits? What is cancer? How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? Why is control of the cell cycle crucial? Genetic influences in developing cancer: what is an oncogene? a tumor suppressor? Difference between a benign and a malignant tumore? Metastasis?arrow_forwardExplain how a DNA microchip worksarrow_forwardBackground: DNA nucleotides (i.e A, T, G, and C) are naturally found in a paired, or bonded, arrangement (i.e. the double helix) within the nucleus of every cell. This structure makes the process of replication that occurs prior to mitosis and meiosis very reliable. The purpose of DNA, though, is not simply to make copies of itself, but to provide a set of instructions for the synthesis or "construction" of biomolecules, such as proteins. Why is transcription (i.e. the formation of an RNA copy of a given gene) a necessary step in the "construction" process highlighted above? What is the cell looking to ultimately do with this RNA information?arrow_forward
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