Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Among the structure A or structure B the more favored on the basis of formal charges has to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
A covalent bond is a bond that results from the mutual sharing of electrons between atoms. Lewis structures are representations of the covalent bond. In this, Lewis symbols show how the valence electrons are present in the molecule.
The steps to draw the Lewis structure of the molecule are as follows:
Step 1: Find the central atom and place the other atoms around it. The atom in a compound that has the lowest group number or lowest electronegativity considered as the central atom.
Step 2: Estimate the total number of valence electrons.
Step 3: Connect the other atoms around the central atoms to the central atom with a single bond and lower the value of valence electrons by 2 of every single bond.
Step 4: Allocate the remaining electrons in pairs so that each atom can get 8 electrons.
The formula to calculate formal charge of the atom is as follows:
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 9 Solutions
Chemistry: Principles and Practice
- Consider the pyrosulfate ion, S2O72-. It has no sulfur–sulfur nor oxygen–oxygen bonds. (a) Write a Lewis structure for the pyrosulfate ion using only single bonds. (b) What is the formal charge on the sulfur atoms for the Lewis structure you drew in part (a)? (c) Write another Lewis structure using six bonds and two O—S bonds. (d) What is the formal charge on each atom for the structure you drew in part (c)?arrow_forwardThe chemistry of the nitrite ion and HNO2: (a) Two resonance structures are possible for NO2. Draw these structures, and then find the formal charge on each atom in each resonance structure. (b) In forming the acid HNO2 an H+ ion attaches to the O atom and not the N atom of NO2. Explain why you would predict this result. (c) Two resonance structures are possible for HNO2. Draw these structures, and then find the formal charge on each atom in each resonance structure. Is either of these structures strongly preferred over the other?arrow_forwardBond Enthalpy When atoms of the hypothetical element X are placed together, they rapidly undergo reaction to form the X2 molecule: X(g)+X(g)X2(g) a Would you predict that this reaction is exothermic or endothermic? Explain. b Is the bond enthalpy of X2 a positive or a negative quantity? Why? c Suppose H for the reaction is 500 kJ/mol. Estimate the bond enthalpy of the X2 molecule. d Another hypothetical molecular compound, Y2(g), has a bond enthalpy of 750 kJ/mol, and the molecular compound XY(g) has a bond enthalpy of 1500 kJ/mol. Using bond enthalpy information, calculate H for the following reaction. X2(g)+Y2(g)2XY(g) e Given the following information, as well as the information previously presented, predict whether or not the hypothetical ionic compound AX is likely to form. In this compound, A forms the A+ cation, and X forms the X anion. Be sure to justify your answer. Reaction: A(g)+12X2(g)AX(s)The first ionization energy of A(g) is 400 kJ/mol. The electron affinity of X(g) is 525 kJ/mol. The lattice energy of AX(s) is 100 kJ/mol. f If you predicted that no ionic compound would form from the reaction in Part e, what minimum amount of AX(s) lattice energy might lead to compound formation?arrow_forward
- Write all resonance structures of chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl, a molecule with the same cyclic structure as benzene. In all structures, keep the CCl bond as a single bond. Which resonance structures are the most important?arrow_forwardThe electrostatic potential surface for SOCl2 is pictured here. (a) Draw a Lewis electron dot picture for the molecule, and give the formal charge of each atom. (b) What is the molecular geometry of SOCl2? Is it polar?arrow_forwarda. Write a Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for the following species. Assign the formal charge for the central atom of Cl04~. If multiple resonance structures exist, use one that does not involve an expanded valence. Formal charge: b. Write a Lewis structure that obeys the octet rule for the following species. Assign the formal charge for the central atom of ClO3-. If multiple resonance structures exist, use one that does not involve an expanded valence. Formal charge:arrow_forward
- Choose the best Lewis structure for C2H30¯. (It will help to work out the missing formal charges for the atoms in these different structures) [Image description: Lewis structure A two C atoms doubly bound to each other. One C has two other single bonds to H atoms. The other C has one more single bond to a H atom and one more single bond to a O atom. There are three electron pairs on O. Lewis structure B has a C atom and a O atom doubly bound to each other. The C has two other single bonds to H atoms. The O has one more single bond to a H atom and one more single bond to a C atom. There are three electron pairs on this C. Lewis structure C has a O atom and a C atom doubly bound to each other. The O has two other single bonds to H atoms. The C has one more single bond to a H atom and one more single bond to another C atom. There are three electron pairs on this C. Lewis structure D has two C atoms singly bound to each other. One C has an electron pair plus two more single bonds to H…arrow_forwardRepresent the bonding in SF2 (FUSUF) with Lewis diagrams. Include the formal charges on all atoms. The dimer of this compound has the formula S2F4. It was isolated in 1980 and shown to have the structure F3SUSF. Draw a possible Lewis diagram to represent the bonding in the dimer, indicating the formal charges on all atoms. Is it possible to draw a Lewis diagram for S2F4 in which all atoms have valence octets? Explain why or why not.arrow_forwardThe formal charge is the "charge" an element would have in a molecule or ion if all of the bonding electrons were shared equally between atoms. We can draw three inequivalent Lewis structures for the tellurite ion, TeO32-. The concepts of formal charge and electronegativity can help us choose the structure that is the best representation. 1. Assign formal charges to the elements in each of the structures below. Note: Count oxygen atoms starting from the left for each structure. Formal Charge Te 0₁ Use the References to access important values if needed for this question. 02 03 Te Te HENKI :0: B :0: | 2- 2. The best Lewis structure for TeO3²- is ↑ :0: :0: C Previous Nextarrow_forward
- Complete the Lewis structures for COCl₂ and SOCI₂ using the skeletal structure shown below, being sure to follow the procedure for minimizing the sum of the absolute values for the formal charges, where the octet rule need not be followed. Based on the complete structures, which statement below is true? [a_i_d] Cl—N—C Cl-Br Cl Hint: Consider the potential for multiple bonds on the molecules and be sure to account for all valence electrons. O The NOCI₂ exhibits both residual formal charges and resonance hybrids, while the BrOCI₂+ exhibits formal charges but no resonance hybrids. O No answer text provided. The NOC₂ exhibits both formal charges and resonance hybrids, while the BrOCl₂ exhibits resonance hybrids but no formal charges. O At least one atom in each molecule exhibits formal charges, and the molecules have no resonance hybrids. O The BroCl₂ exhibits both formal charges and resonance hybrids, while the POCI₂ exhibits resonance hybrids but no formal charges. O The NOCI₂ exhibits…arrow_forwardDraw Lewis structure(s) for the acetate ion (CH2CO0). If there are equivalent resonance structures, draw all of them. • Draw one structure per sketcher box, and separate added sketcher boxes with the Do not include overall ion charges or formal charges in your drawing. • Do not draw double bonds to oxygen unless they are needed in order for the central atom to obey the octet rule. symbol. CH3COO":arrow_forwardWrite all resonance structures for NCO− ion. Use formal charges to predict the most stable one (i.e. the one that has the lowest energy configuration) and the least stable. Briefly explain.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral Chemistry - Standalone book (MindTap Cour...ChemistryISBN:9781305580343Author:Steven D. Gammon, Ebbing, Darrell Ebbing, Steven D., Darrell; Gammon, Darrell Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon, Darrell D.; Gammon, Ebbing; Steven D. Gammon; DarrellPublisher:Cengage Learning